How should frostbite be managed in the field?

• A. Immediate hot water immersion and vigorous rubbing.
• B. Gradual rewarming with warm water; avoid rubbing; protect area.
• C. Apply ice packs.
• D. Massage and rub to increase circulation.

Answer: (B)

The approach to frostbite in the field focuses on thawing the tissue safely and minimizing further injury. Gradual rewarming in warm water—about 37–39°C (98–102°F)—for 15–30 minutes is the method that gives tissue a controlled return of warmth without causing burns or additional damage. This gentle warming helps preserve tissue viability and reduces the risk of complications compared with rapid heating or mechanical trauma.

Rubbing or massaging frostbitten tissue is avoided because it can crush fragile skin and underlying structures, causing more injury. Direct heat sources or vigorous rubbing also raise the risk of burns, counteracting the goal of safe thawing. After rewarming, protecting the area is essential: keep it dry, cover with a sterile dressing, cushion against further friction, and minimize exposure to cold to prevent refreezing.

In short, warm-water rewarming, no rubbing, and protective care of the affected area align with best field practices for frostbite.